Which of the following is associated with students who have been retained?

Students who have been retained often experience a dislike of school, which can stem from various factors associated with retention. Retention can lead to negative feelings about academic abilities and self-esteem, as students may perceive themselves as falling behind their peers. This experience can cause anxiety or frustration, resulting in reduced motivation and engagement in the school environment.

In contrast, the other options typically do not align with the experiences of retained students. Higher academic achievement is generally not associated with retention, as retention usually indicates a struggle with academic performance. Increased extracurricular participation is also less likely, as students who feel disengaged from the academic setting may be less inclined to participate in additional activities. Similarly, improved behavior is not a common outcome for retained students; they might exhibit behavioral issues tied to their negative feelings about their academic situation. This makes the association with dislike of school the most relevant for students who have experienced retention.